machine

IRI: https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/construct/Machine

Defined In: https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/productionplanning/ProductionPlanning/

SubClass Of: material artifact

Class Hierarchy

owl:Thing › bfo:entity › bfo:continuant › bfo:independent continuant › bfo:material entity › bfo:object › material artifact › machine

Direct subclasses:

production machine

Definition

material artifact that uses controlled mechanical, electrical, or fluid power to transform energy or material while performing a process

Explanatory Notes

“physical artefact” emphasises that the entity is a concrete built thing.
“transforms energy or material” captures the notion of machines doing work (e.g., moving parts, powering machining, mixing, conveying).
“guided mechanical, electrical or fluid power” property points at machine having power, motion, and control (mechanical structure + power source + actuation).
“performing one or more processes” allows for generality (manufacturing, handling, processing, etc).

Examples

computer numerical control milling center; 250-ton hydraulic press; industrial ribbon blender; plastic injection-molding unit; centrifugal pump in a chemical-processing line, ventilator, CT scanner

Adapted From

- ISO 12100 defines “machine” as an “assembly, fitted with or intended to be fitted with a drive system other than directly applied human or animal effort, consisting of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves” NIST.
IEC 60050‑151 defines “machine” as “a system or device that uses energy to perform a specific task, often automatically” (Electropedia).
NIST (Smart Manufacturing Ontology) treats a machine as an “equipment unit that executes physical transformations autonomously or semi‑autonomously using power and control systems.” (see https://oagi.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/IOF/pages/5952208897/Characterization+of+machines+and+tools#Trait-analysis)

Primitive Class

This class is declared primitive and it does not have necessary and sufficient condiftions defined.

Primitive Rationale

Many of the core characterizations of machine captured in the trait analysis (see https://oagi.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/IOF/pages/5952208897/Characterization+of+machines+and+tools#Trait-analysis) cannot be formally expressed, especially energy transformation, power, control, motion and mechanical structures.

Formal Axioms

First-Order Logic Axioms

Machine(m) → MaterialArtifact(m)

Semi-Formal Natural Language Axioms

if x is a machine then x is a ‘material artifact’

Description Logic

constr:Machine ⊑ constr:MaterialArtifact

SubClassOf: constr:MaterialArtifact